ÿþOm de evolutionaire puma 36 relaties tussen mtDNA-lijnen van puma te onderzoeken, werden haplotype-netwerken gebouwd met behulp van de median-join-benadering (Bandelt et al., 1999), zoals geïmplementeerd in de software Network 4.5.1.6 We hebben twee outgroup-opties onderzocht om het netwerk te rooten, één met de hier gegenereerde P. yagouaroundi-sequenties en de andere met M. trumani-sequenties (Barnett et al., 2005).
AMOVA's werden uitgevoerd met Park st berekend uit een paarsgewijze matrix op basis van p-afstanden. Statistische significantie van Park st-waarden werd getest met 10.000 permutaties. Om het effect van eerdere aannames op puma cali sneakers de puma geografische onderverdeling te minimaliseren, hebben we verschillende scenario's getest om te identificeren de best mogelijke manier om de historische populatiestructuur in deze soort weer te geven (dwz puma witte sneaker degene die de geschatte Piao-st maximaliseert). Deze AMOVA's waren gebaseerd op twee monstersets: (1) alleen Zuid-Amerika (SA): en (2) de volledige steekproef van SA, Midden-Amerika (CA) en Noord-Amerika (NA).
Ten slotte hebben we een reeks analyses uitgevoerd om de demografische geschiedenis van poema's te onderzoeken.We hebben neutraliteitstests uitgevoerd (Tajima's D, Fu & Li 'D * en F *, puma vikky stacked Fu's F's) met DnaSP, evenals een analyse van de verkeerde combinatie (Rogers en Harpending, 1992; Schneider and Excoffier, 1999) met Arlequin.
Daarnaast gebruikten we het programma Beast 1.6.1 (Drummond en Rambaut, 2007) om schattingen van coalescentie-tijden en demografie uit het verleden uit te voeren. We definieerden het beste model van nucleotidesubstitutie voor onze dataset, namelijk HKY (Hasegawa et al. , 1985) G-model, gebruikmakend van het Akaike Information Criterion (AIC, Akaike, 1974) geïmplementeerd in puma 44 jModelTest 0.1 (Posada, 2008). Onze eerste set Beast-runs was gericht op het schatten van de moleculaire kloksnelheid voor ons segment in poema-afstammingslijnen.
Extra sequenties van hetzelfde fragment werden verkregen voor twee P. yagouaroundi-individuen.
A) Analyse van de volledige dataset (669 bp) De pijl geeft het punt aan waar de outgroep P. yagouaroundi is verbonden B) Analyse van een subset van de nucleotideplaatsen die overlappen met de Miracinonyx trumani-sequentie (286 bp). geef de punten aan waar de outgroup-taxa zich bij het netwerk aansluiten: P. yagouaroundi (in grijs; 32 mutatiestappen vanaf het verbindingspunt) en M. trumani (in zwart; 19 stappen vanaf het verbindingspunt).
ÿþThe puma is an iconic predator that ranges throughout the puma zapatos Americas, occupying diverse habitats. Previous phylogeographic analyses have revealed that it exhibits moderate levels of genetic structure across its range, with few of the classically recognized subspecies being supported as distinct demographic units. Moreover, most of the species' molecular diversity was found to be in South America.
Our analyses indicate that this expansion occurred in South America, prior to the hypothesized re-colonization of North America, which was therefore inferred to be even more recent. The puma by alexander mcqueen estimated demographic history supports the interpretation that pumas suffered a severe demographic decline in the Late Pleistocene throughout their distribution, followed by population expansion and re-colonization of the range, alexander mcqueen for puma initiating from South America.
The puma ( Puma concolor Linnaeus, 1771) is a large felid that ranges throughout the Americas, exhibiting the broadest latitudinal distribution of any terrestrial mammal ( Nowak, 1999 ). Pumas have remarkable dispersal capabilities ( Maehr et al. , 2002 ; Beier et al. , 2003 ) and successfully occupy a diverse array of puma black shoes womens habitats, illustrating their potential to adapt to the breadth of environmental conditions occurring across the continent, from tropical forests and marshes to dry scrubland and cold Andean or Patagonian biomes ( Redford and Eisenberg, 1992 ; Nowak, 1999 ). Pumas are solitary and territorial, with large home ranges. Females tend to occupy smaller areas and disperse shorter distances, thus being more philopatric than males ( Logan and Sweanor, 2001 ; Maehr et puma by rihanna slides al. , 2002 ).
Fossil evidence indicates that pumas were already present in North America 0.4 million years ago (MYA) ( Kurtén and Anderson, 1980 ). In parallel, molecular data ( Johnson et al. , 2006 ) have led to an estimate of its divergence from the sister-species P. yagouaroundi of 4.17 MYA (C.I.: 3.16 6.01MYA), suggesting a much longer history as a distinct evolutionary lineage.
We obtained blood and tissue samples from 77 pumas including wild individuals captured during field-ecology projects, caught by farmers or road-killed, as well as captive animals with known geographic origin ( Table S1 ).
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